Current Issue
Year 2027 | Volume 4 | Issue 1 (March)
The articles for Volume 4, Issue 1 (March) can now be submitted. The accepted articles will appear here.
Dr. K. Jennifer
Page 01 - 07
Prehistoric rock art and cave shelters in South India provide invaluable insights into the lives, beliefs, and survival strategies of early human communities. These ancient creations serve as a dual testament to the symbolic expressions and practical adaptations of prehistoric societies. This study explores how symbolism in rock art reflects the spiritual, social, and cultural frameworks of the time, while also examining the role of cave shelters in ensuring physical survival. The recurring motifs, such as depictions of animals, human figures, and abstract patterns, are analyzed for their potential meanings and connections to ritualistic practices, ecological awareness, and communication systems. The geographical distribution of these shelters, often strategically located near vital resources, underscores their role in survival amidst a challenging environment. By integrating perspectives from archaeology, anthropology, and art history, this research aims to decode the symbolic and functional significance of these prehistoric artifacts. Additionally, the study addresses the techniques and materials employed in creating the rock art and the challenges of preserving these fragile cultural heritages against modern threats. Ultimately, this research highlights the intricate interplay between survival and symbolism, offering a deeper understanding of how early humans in South India perceived and interacted with their world.
Keywords: Prehistoric, cave shelters, geographical, archaeology, anthropology
Cite as
Dr. K. Jennifer. (2026). Symbolism and Survival: Insights from South Indian Prehistoric Rock Art and Cave Shelters. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 01–07. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18185106
Dr. A. Jesintha Vilveena
Page 08 - 14
Historians have two major avenues which they take to better understand the ancient world: archaeology and the study of source texts. Primary sources are those sources closest to the origin of the information or idea under study. Primary sources have been distinguished from secondary sources, which often cite, comment on, or build upon primary sources. Archaeological sites are merely the residues of settlements and structures, reduced to rubble and earthworks by decay, erosion, stone-robbing and the invasions of plant and animal life. Mahabalipuram is a monument complex on the Coromendel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, in Kancheepuram district of Tamilnadu, India. It is located near Chennai. With approximately forty sanctuaries, including the largest open-air rock relief in the world, Mahabalipuram gained UNESCO World Heritage site distinction in 1984. This complex was built during the period of Pallavas.
Keywords: Archaeology, Monuments, Sculptures, Heritage, Sanctuaries.
Cite as
Dr. A. Jesintha Vilveena. (2026). Archaeological Heritage of Tamil Nadu: Mahabalipuram. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 08–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18185251
Dr. S. Sahayamary
Page 15 - 25
Archaeology is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscape. The idea of archaeological and historical research was introduced to India mainly due to the colonial system. After the coming of the Britishers, they realized the glorious past of the Indians especially south Indians through archaeological excavations. The state department of Archaeology is doing excavations in various places from the prehistoric period to the historic period. Tarangambadi is a window into South India’s historical cultural and maritime heritage. The archaeological findings reaffirm its significance as a historical crossroads where ancient Tamil traditions met global influence. Tarangambadi also known as Tranquebar is a picturesque coastal town in the Mayiladuthurai district of Tamilnadu. The history of Tranqubar could be traced back to the beginning of the common Era. Ancient sangam classics like the Purananooru, Natrinai and Agananooru refer to Poraiyar as a port town. It continued to play an important role in history of Tranquebar till 19th century. This article focuses the historical overview and significance of archaeological excavation in Tranquebar.
Keywords: Tranquebar, Danish colonialism, maritime archaeology, Historical overview, significance
Cite as
Dr. S. Sahayamary. (2026). Unearthing History: A Journey Through the Tranquebar Archaeological Site. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18185383
Dr. T. Girija Bai
Page 26 - 31
The prehistoric period in South India was marked by significant trade and interaction, as evidenced by archaeological discoveries and excavation studies. This research examines the economic and cultural exchanges that shaped prehistoric communities, highlighting the role of trade networks in facilitating material and ideological connections. Excavations at sites such as Adichanallur, Kodumanal, and Arikamedu reveal a wealth of artifacts, including microlithic tools, pottery, beads, and metal objects, which point to both regional and long-distance trade. The movement of raw materials like semi-precious stones, iron, and shell, along with finished goods, underscores the existence of sophisticated exchange systems. These interactions were supported by strategic geographical features such as river systems, coastal areas, and mountain passes, which enabled human mobility and the dissemination of goods and ideas. The study also explores technological advancements, such as metallurgy and bead-making, that underpinned the production and trade of goods, as well as the social structures that facilitated these activities. Shared cultural practices, including burial rituals and artistic motifs, indicate the exchange of not only goods but also beliefs and traditions. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of how trade and interaction influenced the economic, social, and cultural landscapes of prehistoric South India, setting the stage for later historical developments.
Keywords: prehistoric, trade, archaeological, microlithic, pottery
Cite as
Dr. T. Girija Bai. (2026). Trade and Interaction in Prehistoric South India: Archeological Evidence and Interpretations. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 26–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18185530
G. Pushpa Rani
Page 32 - 37
South India has a long history and rich cultural heritage, yet till the arrival of the Britishers in South India, the people have no idea about the glory of their past and the achievements of their predecessors. After the coming of the Britishers, they realized the glorious past of the South Indians and through archaeological excavations they started to bring the hidden past to light. For instance, the first archaeological excavation was held at Pallavaram near Chennai by a British Geologist named Robert Bruce Foote in 1863. It confirmed the existence of the Palaeolithic settlements in South India. Similar excavations were conducted at Korkai, Adichanallur and Arikkamedu. It revealed the trade contact of the ancient Tamils with the foreign countries and so it added more glory to South India among the countries across the world. Following that, innumerable excavations were conducted in South India far and wide. After India’s Independence, through the Archaeological Survey of India, the government undertook many excavations in order to bring back the buried antiquity of South India. This article entitled “Recapping the Archaeological Excavations at Korkai: An Important Port City of the Sangam Pandyas”, is going to remind the great antiquity of South India to the current generation.
Keywords: Archaeological Survey of India, Artifacts, Excavation, Remains, Unearthed.
Cite as
G. Pushpa Rani. (2026). Recapping the Archaeological Excavations at Korkai: An Important Port City of the Sangam Pandyas. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18185644
Dr. B. Ubahara Mary, Jane Ophelia, X. P.
Page 38 - 46
India’s strategic location along the Indian Ocean and its extensive coastline have historically positioned it as a major center of maritime trade. The development of ports and maritime infrastructure has been a foremost feature of urbanization, shaping the growth of cities from ancient times to the modern era. The article explores the transformative impact of ports on urbanization in India, beginning with ancient port towns like Lothal and Muziri, which served as trade centers and urban centers during the Harappan and Sangam periods. The medieval era witnessed the rise of cosmopolitan port cities under the Chola Dynasty and the influence of Arab and Persian traders, further integrating Indian ports into global trade networks. The colonial period marked a significant shift with the establishment of ports like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, which became centers of industrial and economic activity. Post-independence, modernization efforts and globalization expanded the role of ports, with initiatives such as the development of Special Economic Zones and the liberalization of the economy accelerating urban growth. The article also highlights the economic, demographic, and cultural impact of ports on urbanization, while addressing challenges such as overpopulation and resource strain. Finally, it emphasizes the potential of smart port cities and sustainable development initiatives, like the Sagarmala project, to ensure balanced growth. Ports remain pivotal to India’s economic and urban development, reflecting their historical and contemporary significance as aspects of growth.
Keywords: Ports, Maritime trade, Urbanisation, Modernisation, Economic development.
Cite as
Dr. B. Ubahara Mary, & Jane Ophelia, X. P. (2026). The Development of Ports and Maritime Infrastructure: A Catalyst for Urbanization in India. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18221527
Dr. A.D. Padmasree
Page 47 - 51
Urbanization in ancient South India marks a transformative phase in the region’s historical flight, characterized by the dynamic interplay of geography, trade, religion, and governance. This article explores the evolution of early settlements, from rural agrarian communities to thriving urban centers, highlighting their crucial role in shaping the socio-economic and cultural fabric of South India. Moreover, this study delves into the emergence and development of urban centers in ancient South India, examining the interplay between geography, economy, and cultural practices that shaped these settlements. It explores archaeological evidence, such as structural remains, inscriptions, and artifacts, to trace the transition from rural agrarian societies to organized urban centers. It highlights the role of trade networks, religious institutions, and political systems in fostering urban growth. Prominent centers like Madurai, Kanchipuram, and Puhar serve to illustrate the dynamics of urban planning, societal organization, and cultural expressions in ancient South India. The research also discusses the environmental adaptations and resource management strategies that enabled these settlements to thrive.
Keywords: Urbanization, Early Settlements, Trade Networks, Cultural Legacies, Resource Management, Societal Organization
Cite as
Dr. A.D. Padmasree. (2026). Urbanization And Early Settlements in Ancient South India: Historical Insights and Cultural Legacies. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18221692
Dr. M. Anusha Angel
Page 52 - 57
Tamil Nadu has played a pivotal role in the prehistory of India, particularly during the Paleolithic era. This essay delves into the archaeological significance of major Paleolithic sites in Tamil Nadu, namely Attirampakkam, Gudiyam Caves, and Pallavaram. These sites have provided invaluable insights into the life and technological advancements of early hominins. Through the discovery of Acheulian tools, stratified deposits of stone tools, and hand axes, these sites highlight the ingenuity and adaptability of early humans.
Keywords: Paleolithic, Tamil Nadu, Attirampakkam, Gudiyam Caves, Pallavaram, Acheulian tools, stratified deposits, Hand axes
Cite as
Dr. M. Anusha Angel. (2026). Unearthing Major Paleolithic Sites in Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 52–57. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18221898
Dr. L.R. Charlet Sharmili
Page 58 - 63
The dolmens in the Kodaikanal hills provide a remarkable insight into the burial practices, technological abilities, and spiritual beliefs of the Iron Age people who inhabited the region. According to R.M. Wheeler (1956) megaliths are “those monuments which are built on rough, large, undressed blocks of stones, usually though not invariably of rudimental character. These monuments are connected with burials, which fulfil funerary or commemorative or religious functions.” Megalithic monuments occur on surface at the foot of the hills and hillocks, unlike other underground pre- historic and protohistoric remains their vary size in terms of hugeness is very striking. Experts opine that the megaliths in the earliest stages were used in the funeral proceedings, but later on those were erected as memorial stones. Megalithic graves yielded not only the skeletal remains of the dead, a number of other items as funerary appendages. The dolmens in the Kodaikanal hills are a remarkable testament to the megalithic culture of Tamil Nadu. These ancient structures provide insight into the burial practices, technological abilities, and spiritual beliefs of the Iron Age people who inhabited the region. As ancient monuments, they serve not only as a link to Tamil Nadu’s past but also as cultural landmarks that highlight the continuity of traditions and values across centuries.
Keywords: Tamilnadu Megalithic, Archaeologists, Pottery, funeral, Preservation, Heritage
Cite as
Dr. L.R. Charlet Sharmili. (2026). Dolmens of Kodaikanal Hills: Uncovering Megalithic Traditions in Tamil Nadu with a Focus on Kodaikanal. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18222159
Dr. S. Kasthuri
Page 64 - 68
The Theni district of Tamil Nadu occupies a significant position in understanding the cultural developments of South India during the Iron Age and Early Historic periods. Archaeological evidence from this region, particularly burial monuments and habitation remains, indicates sustained human occupation from prehistoric times onward. Although earlier discoveries were reported during the colonial period and later surveys by scholars of the Archaeological Survey of India and Tamil University, focused and systematic investigation of Theni district remained limited. The present study addresses this gap through intensive field exploration and documentation of Iron Age and Early Historic sites identified at Vaidhyanathapuram, Jangalpatti, Mallayagoundanpatti, Chatrapatti, Dharmapuri, and Lakshmipuram. Using descriptive and comparative archaeological methods, the paper analyses burial typology, associated material culture, pottery assemblages, cup-marks, and settlement indicators. The study situates these findings within the broader archaeological framework of Tamil Nadu and demonstrates the importance of Theni district in reconstructing early cultural trajectories of ancient Tamil society.
Keywords: Iron Age, Megalithic Burials, Early Historic Period, Theni District, Tamil Nadu Archaeology, Cup-marks, Pottery Traditions
Cite as
Dr. S. Kasthuri. (2026). Archaeological Excavation Sites in Theni District: A Study on Iron Age and Early Historic Antiquities in Theni District. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18222329
Dr. J.R. Anoja
Page 69 - 75
River valleys in South India have significantly influenced the formation and development of prehistoric habitats, acting as essential centers of early human settlement and cultural evolution. This paper examines the diverse river systems, including the Krishna, Godavari, Kaveri, Tungabhadra, and Penna, highlighting their role in providing fertile landscapes, water resources, and favorable climates that supported human habitation. These valleys enabled the development of agriculture through irrigation, fostered trade and communication via natural corridors, and facilitated the establishment of social structures.Archaeological evidence from key sites such as Adichanallur and Brahmagiri illustrates how early communities harnessed these resources, transitioning from nomadic lifestyles to organized societies. The study also explores the ecological and cultural significance of river valleys, emphasizing their role in sustaining diverse ecosystems and influencing spiritual practices. By understanding the symbiotic relationship between ancient communities and their environments, this research underscores the foundational role of South India’s river valleys in shaping its prehistoric human landscape.
Cite as
Dr. J.R. Anoja. (2026). The Influence of River Valleys on the Development of Prehistoric Habitats in South India. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 69–75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18222544
Dr. Mrs. M. Tamilselvi
Page 76 - 82
This research paper examines recent archaeological excavations in Tamil Nadu, focusing on the Pattaraiperumbudur and Keeladi sites, which provide significant insights into the region’s ancient history and culture. Pattaraiperumbudur, located along the Korttalaiyar River in Thiruvallur District, has revealed evidence of continuous human habitation dating back about 500,000 years. Excavations have uncovered terracotta ring wells, microlithic tools, and pottery, highlighting early human settlement, advanced water management, and technological innovations. The Keeladi excavation, on the banks of the Vaigai River in Sivagangai District, has uncovered a flourishing urban settlement from the Sangam period, with brick structures, drainage systems, inscribed potsherds, Roman amphorae, and other artifacts. These findings suggest a developed urban society with extensive trade networks, including interactions with the Roman Empire, and evidence of early Tamil script. This paper emphasizes the archaeological importance of these sites, shedding light on socio-economic and cultural dynamics from the Paleolithic to the Sangam era, and calls for further preservation efforts to safeguard this rich heritage.
Keywords: Pattaraiperumbudur, Keeladi, Archaeological Excavations, Tamil Nadu, Sangam Period, Illuminate, Prehistoric
Cite as
Dr. Mrs. M. Tamilselvi. (2026). Recent Excavations in Tamil Nadu: A Glimpse of Ancient Heritage. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18222674
Dr. Sr. A. Bala Mary
Page 83 - 88
Archaeology is the excavation and study of objects in an effort to interpret and reconstruct past human behaviour. It involves uncovering the ruins of the past to find clues about how people of that time lived. It is the mystery of the discarded cornerstone that has become the foundation of our existence. The tomb of Servant of God Annammal in Tiruchirappalli is not merely a burial site, but a sacred heritage symbolizing faith, devotion, and history. This article explores its religious and archaeological significance, delving into its historical context, structural features, and cultural impact. It also highlights the intertwined roles of archaeology and faith in preserving cultural heritage. By examining the tomb through the lens of both archaeology and faith, the study aims to underscore the importance of preserving sacred heritage sites for future generations.
Keywords: Archaeological, Structure, Historical, Annammal, Sacred Heritage.
Cite as
Dr. Sr. A. Bala Mary. (2026). Archaeology Of Sanctity: Exploring The Tomb of Servant of God Annammal as A Sacred Heritage Site in Tiruchirappalli. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18222851
Dr. Mrs. V. Sheeja
Page 89 - 98
The Neolithic Age marks a crucial shift in human history, with advancements in agriculture, animal domestication, and tool-making. Tamil Nadu’s rich archaeological sites, such as Athirampakkam, Payyampalli, and Kodumanal, offer valuable insights into this transformative period. This study examines recent excavations of Neolithic stone tools and settlements, focusing on tool typology, material composition, and technological evolution. A multidisciplinary approach, incorporating archaeology, geology, and paleoenvironmental studies, helps understand the socio-economic and cultural practices of Neolithic communities in Tamil Nadu. The paper also explores regional variations in tool design and usage, reflecting adaptation strategies to Tamil Nadu’s diverse ecological zones. The findings suggest that these communities developed complex agricultural and pastoral systems, which were integral to their survival and growth. The research also sheds light on the role of these tools in daily life, including food production, construction, and ritual practices. By reconstructing the prehistory of South India, this research contributes to the broader understanding of human evolution in the Indian subcontinent. The study calls for enhanced collaboration in preserving and interpreting these significant archaeological findings for future generations.
Keywords: Neolithic Age, Tamil Nadu, Stone Tools, Archaeological Excavations, Human Evolution.
Cite as
Dr. Mrs. V. Sheeja. (2026). Neolithic Excavations in Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, 04(01), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18223729